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Workforce productivity is the amount of goods and services that a worker produces in a given amount of time. It is one of several types of productivity that economists measure. Workforce productivity can be measured for a firm, a process, an industry, or a country. It is often referred to as labor productivity. The OECD defines it as "the ratio of a volume measure of output to a volume measure of input".〔OECD Manual: ''Measuring Productivity; Measurement of Aggregate and Industry-Level Productivity Growth''. (2002)〕 Volume measures of output are normally gross domestic product (GDP) or gross value added (GVA), expressed at constant prices i.e. adjusted for inflation. The three most commonly used measures of input are: # hours worked; # workforce jobs; and # number of people in employment. == Measurement == Workforce productivity can be measured in 2 ways, in physical terms or in price terms. * the intensity of labour-effort, and the quality of labour effort generally. * the creative activity involved in producing technical innovations. * the relative efficiency gains resulting from different systems of management, organization, co-ordination or engineering. * the productive effects of some forms of labour on other forms of labour. These aspects of productivity refer to the ''qualitative'' dimensions of labour input. If an organization is using labour much more intensely, one can assume it's due to greater labour productivity, since the output per labour-effort may be the same. This insight becomes particularly important when a large part of what is produced in an economy consists of services. Management may be very preoccupied with the productivity of employees, but the productivity gains of management itself is very difficult to prove. While labor productivity growth has been seen as a useful barometer of the U.S. economy’s performance, recent research has examined why U.S. labor productivity rose during the recent downturn of 2008–2009, when U.S. gross domestic product plummeted.〔(Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, ''The Labor Productivity Puzzle'', May 2012 )〕 The validity of international comparisons of labour productivity can be limited by a number of measurement issues. The comparability of output measures can be negatively affected by the use of different valuations, which define the inclusion of taxes, margins, and costs, or different deflation indexes, which turn current output into constant output.〔International Labor Comparisons Program (International comparisons of manufacturing productivity and unit labor costs trends ). Bureau of Labor Statistics〕 Labor input can be biased by different methods used to estimate average hours〔Susan Fleck (International comparisons of hours worked: an assessment of the statistics ). ''Monthly Labor Review'', May 2009〕 or different methodologies used to estimate employed persons.〔Gerard Ypma and Bart van Ark (Employment and Hours Worked in National Accounts: a Producer’s View on Methods and a User’s View on Applicability ) Groningen Growth and Development Centre, University of Groningen and The Conference Board〕 In addition, for level comparisons of labor productivity, output needs to be converted into a common currency. The preferred conversion factors are Purchasing Power Parities, but their accuracy can be negatively influenced by the limited representativeness of the goods and services compared and different aggregation methods.〔International Labor Comparisons Program (International comparisons of GDP per capita and per employed person ). Bureau of Labor Statistics〕 To facilitate international comparisons of labor productivity, a number of organizations, such as the OECD, the (Groningen Growth Centre ), International Labor Comparisons Program, and The Conference Board, prepare productivity data adjusted specifically to enhance the data’s international comparability. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Workforce productivity」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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